Journals and Research Papers
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2024-03-28T19:55:49ZOvicidal and Larvicidal Effects of Ricinus communis L.(Euphorbiaceae) Extracts on Phlebotomus duboscqi
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Ovicidal and Larvicidal Effects of Ricinus communis L.(Euphorbiaceae) Extracts on Phlebotomus duboscqi
Mong’are, Samuel; Ng’ang’a, Zipporah; Ngumbi, Philip; Ingonga, Johnstone; Ngure, Peter
Aims: To evaluate the Ovicidal and larvicidal effects of Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae)
extracts on Phlebotomus duboscqi.
Study Design: A comparative experimental design using extracts obtained from the leaf and bark
of Ricinus communis plant.
Study Site: Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Biotechnology Research and
Development (CBRD), Nairobi Kenya from January to July, 2015.
Methodology: Aqueous, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were prepared from Ricinus communis plant. Freshly laid eggs were moistened with 1 ml of each extract separately during the
incubation period. Larvae were also fed on larval food mixed with the powdered crude extract and a
second group was fed on larval food sprinkled with 5 ml of each extract daily.
Results: No significant difference when bark and leaf extracts were compared (P=0.061).
250 µg/ml and 500 µg/ml of extract eroded all the chorionic membranes of the egg shell while egg
hatchability was significantly inhibited with only 7%, 9% and 26% of eggs hatching at 500 µg/ml of
aqueous, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts respectively (P<0.001). 100% larval mortality noted
when at 500 µg/ml methanol extract. The larval period was prolonged to 87 days with the life cycle
lasting for 101 days.
Conclusion: R. communis extracts have deleterious effects on hatching of eggs, larval and pupal
development and adult emergence of P. duboscqi; hence R. communis should be used against
sand flies and Leishmania in situ.
2016-01-01T00:00:00ZIn vitro Anti-plasmodial Activity of Rubia cordifolia, Harrizonia abyssinica, Leucas calostachys Olive and Sanchus schweinfurthii Medicinal Plants
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In vitro Anti-plasmodial Activity of Rubia cordifolia, Harrizonia abyssinica, Leucas calostachys Olive and Sanchus schweinfurthii Medicinal Plants
Mong’are, Samuel; Lagat, Z.O; Maranga, R.O; Ozwara, H
Plasmodium falciparum is becoming increasingly resistant to conventional antimalaria drugs. Rapid increase of
parasite resistant strains, resistance of the vector to insecticides and the difficulty in creating efficient vaccines
has lead to an urgent need for new anti-malarial drugs. To determine anti-plasmodial activity of Rubia cordifolia,
Harrizonia abyssinica, Sachus schweinfurthii and Leucas calostachys Olive plants. Aqueous and methanolic
crude extracts were prepared from R. cordifolia, H. abyssinica, S. schweinfurthii and L. calostachys plants. The
extracts were then prepared into appropriate concentrations for anti-plasmodial activities. In vitro anti-plamsodial
activities of herbal drugs were analysed according to the methods of Tona et al., 1999. Methanolic extracts were
more efficacious than aqueous extracts. S. schweinfurthii and L. calostachys had IC50 (Inhibition Concentration)
of between 1.10µg/ml and 3.45µg/ml and had highest parasite inhibition ranging between 3.5% and 5.2%. R.
cardifolia and H. abyssinica had IC50 of between 1.5µg/ml and 3.0µg/ml and it had moderate parasitaemia
ranging between 5.20% and 7.22%. Vernonia lasiopa and Erythrina abysinnica had insufficient yields. S.
schweinfurthii and L. calostachys had the highest parasite inhibition while R. cardifolia and H. abyssinica had
moderate inhibition.
2013-12-01T00:00:00ZClinicians' knowledge and practices in the diagnoses and management of non-malarial fever illnesses among under 5 children in Kisii County, Kenya
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Clinicians' knowledge and practices in the diagnoses and management of non-malarial fever illnesses among under 5 children in Kisii County, Kenya
Mong’are, Samuel; Onywoki, Samwel Amka; Obwocha, Evans Obare; Gachohi, John
Background:
Indiscriminate fever management using antimalarial drugs escalates patients' health risk, especially those <5 years old, with the likelihood of accelerating the emergence and spread of drug-resistant malaria parasites.
We assessed clinicians' knowledge and practices in diagnosing and managing non-malarial fever illnesses among children <5 years in Kisii County, Kenya.
Methods:
193 nurses and clinical officers working in selected public health facilities in Kisii County were recruited into the study. Semi-structured questionnaires and individual interviews were used in collecting data. Chi-square was used in testing associations between categorical variables.
Results:
94% (n=181) of the respondents were aware of other infectious illnesses other than malaria, 71% (n=137) were aware of fever as the primary clinical sign of malaria while 61% (n=118) of the respondents were aware of noninfectious sources where fever is the leading symptom. The frequently prescribed antipyretic drugs were paracetamol and Ibuprofen. Under the hematinic and vitamins category, clinicians commonly prescribed multivitamin syrups and iron blood tonics. 91% (n=176) of the study respondents reported that they occasionally-prescribed anti-malaria drugs for malaria negative diagnostic results. Knowledge and practices in diagnosis management of non-malaria illnesses,
varied significantly among clinician’s who were in the rural and urban facilities (p=0.025, OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.02- 0.28). However, there was no association between level of knowledge of the enrolled nurses, registered nurse and
clinical officer {(p=0.21, OR: 0.88, 95% CI: -0.32-0.07), (p=0.89, OR: 0.98, 95% CI: -0.26-0.23)}
Conclusions:
Clinicians in Kisii County reported prescribing anti-malarial drugs for malaria negative diagnostic results, highlighting the need for continuous field training in differentiating malarial and non-malarial fevers.
Keywords: Non-malaria, Fever, Clinician, Knowledge, Practices, Diagnosis
2022-02-01T00:00:00ZComplementary and Alternative Medicine Utilization among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Clinics in Tongaren Sub-County, Kenya: a Cross-sectional Survey
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Complementary and Alternative Medicine Utilization among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Clinics in Tongaren Sub-County, Kenya: a Cross-sectional Survey
Mong’are, Samuel; Makhapila, Martha Nafula
Background:
In Kenya, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) has been used in almost
every culture to manage intolerable symptoms of pregnancy since ancient times. However, studies in Kenya have focused on herbal medicine which is just one of CAM practices. In rural settings (such as Tongaren Sub-County), no studies have ever evaluated the prevalence and determinants of CAM use during pregnancy including the common CAM modalities used, and so there is need to bridge these
knowledge gaps.
Purpose:
This study aimed at determining the prevalence of CAM utilization and associated factors
among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics in Tongaren Sub-County, Bungoma County.
Methods:
A cross-sectional descriptive study design was employed in collecting data from 340
pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Tongaren, Kenya. Quantitative data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires. Chi-square test was used to establish the associations between socio-demographic variables and CAM usage, and multiple logistic regressions were used to examine the relative effects of the various aspects of the variables which were significantly associated with CAM usage.
Results: Among the 340 participants, 50.7% indicated using CAM modalities during pregnancy, indicating that CAM use prevalence in Tongaren is about 50%. 55.80% of CAM users concomitantly use CAM and conventional medicine. The high CAM use prevalence among participants was motivated by the preference of CAM over conventional medicine for certain illnesses (31.4%) and the perceived lack of response to conventional medicine (20.1%). It was noted that marital status, educational attainment of the spouse, employment status, occupation type, and household monthly income level are the major determinants of CAM usage. From the logistic regression analysis, the
variables positively associated with CAM use among pregnant women were married status (Odds ratio (OR) = 2.341, p = 0.008), having a spouse with informal education (OR = 5.371, p < 0.001), selfemployed status (OR = 0.415, p = 0.028), farming occupation (OR = 2.777, p = 0.206), and household monthly income higher than 35,000 Kshs (OR = 0.093, p = 0.012).
Conclusions:
Due to the widespread trust in the safety and efficacy of CAM, the utilization of CAM
during pregnancy is common among women in Tongaren Sub-County, which is a rural setting, and therefore CAM can be regarded as the backbone of rural health care in Kenya.
Keywords: Complementary and Alternative Medicine; Conventional medicine; Pregnant women; Predictors of CAM use; Kenya
2022-01-01T00:00:00Z